Human–AI Collaboration in Broadcast Journalism within Nigerian Public Media
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The increasing adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies has transformed contemporary journalism by fostering new forms of collaboration between human journalists and intelligent systems. However, empirical evidence regarding human–AI collaboration within public broadcasting institutions in developing countries remains limited. This study examines the nature, extent, and challenges of human–AI collaboration in broadcast journalism within Nigerian public media, using the News and Current Affairs Department of the Nasarawa Broadcasting Service (NBS), Lafia, as a case study. The study employed a mixed-methods research design combining quantitative and qualitative approaches. Quantitative data were collected through structured questionnaires administered to 54 journalists and production personnel, while qualitative data were obtained through in-depth interviews with six senior editorial staff and departmental managers. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. The findings reveal that awareness of artificial intelligence technologies among journalists was relatively high, with 70.4% of respondents reporting familiarity with AI applications; however, only 29.6% had received formal AI-related training. The study further found that human–AI collaboration remained limited and task-specific, with AI primarily utilized for transcription (74.1%), translation (57.4%), audio editing (44.4%), and content summarization (38.9%), while editorial decision-making remained under human control. Organizational and professional barriers, including inadequate training (42.6%), insufficient technological infrastructure (29.6%), ethical concerns (18.5%), and limited institutional support (9.3%), significantly constrained AI integration.
Downloads
Article Details
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
You are free to:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format for any purpose, even commercially.
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit , provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made . You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation .
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
How to Cite
References
Adnan, M. (2025). Resisting the Established: The Role of Mobile Media in Political Journalism in Pakistan. Journalism Practice. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2025.2538126
Arnaout, B., El Nemar, S., Kokkinopoulou, E., Skaf, Y., Vrontis, D., Esposito, M., & Rebeiz, K. S. (2025). Bridging AI and human intelligence: advancing knowledge ecosystems through effective communication for strategic innovation in the US utility industry. Journal of Knowledge Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-05-2025-0681
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Chen, Y., Li, B., & Huang, Z. (2024). Journalism and Communication Education Enabled by Artificial Intelligence: Reflections on the Construction of Majors and Professional Groups. Journal of New Media and Economics, 1(3). https://doi.org/10.62517/jnme.202410315
Danso, S., Nyarko, J., Ato Kwamena Aidoo, E., Agyei, E. B. N., & Tetteh, B. (2025). Press Freedom and Safety of Journalists in Africa: A Scoping Review. In African Journalism Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/23743670.2025.2551858
De Cooker, J., Arets, D., Brugman, M., Wernaart, B., Van Vliet, M., & Van Leeuwerden, T. (2025). Lost in Translation? How Structural, Individual, and Professional Factors Hinder AI Adoption in Investigative Journalism. Journalism Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2025.2595290
de-Lima-Santos, M. F., & Mesquita, L. (2023). Data Journalism in favela: Made by, for, and about Forgotten and Marginalized Communities. Journalism Practice, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2021.1922301
Duru, N., & Agbasimelo, C. I. (2024). Influence of technological innovation on journalism practice amongst journalists in Owerri metropolis. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Growth Evaluation, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.54660/.ijmrge.2024.5.1.861-866
English, P. (2016). Twitter’s diffusion in sports journalism: Role models, laggards and followers of the social media innovation. New Media and Society, 18(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814544886
Etumnu, E. W., Fab-Ukozor, N., Umenze-Ojiakor, I., & Williams-Etumnu, O. (2024). Are journalists truly safe? Communicating the Risks Faced by Investigative Journalists in Nigeria. Studies in Humanities and Education, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.48185/she.v5i2.1256
Evens, T., & Smith, P. (2024). Commercial Media Organisations. In Sports Media Rights in the Age of Streaming and Platformisation. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003401988-6
Galatsopoulou, F., Kenterelidou, C., Kotsakis, R., & Matsiola, M. (2022). Examining Students’ Perceptions towards Video-Based and Video-Assisted Active Learning Scenarios in Journalism and Communication Courses. Education Sciences, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12020074
Grimme, M., & Zabel, C. (2025). AI in the newsroom: a collective case study about newsworker-AI collaboration in the German newspaper industry. Journal of Media Business Studies, 22(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/16522354.2024.2380120
Guzman, A. L. (2019). Prioritizing the Audience’s View of Automation in Journalism. Digital Journalism, 7(8). https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2019.1681902
Guzman, A. L., & Lewis, S. C. (2020). Artificial intelligence and communication: A Human–Machine Communication research agenda. New Media and Society, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819858691
Kessler, S. H., Mahl, D., Schäfer, M. S., & Volk, S. C. (2025a). All Eyez on AI: A Roadmap for Science Communication Research in the Age of Artificial Intelligence. Journal of Science Communication, 24(2). https://doi.org/10.22323/2.24020401
Kessler, S. H., Mahl, D., Schäfer, M. S., & Volk, S. C. (2025b). Science Communication in the Age of Artificial Intelligence. Journal of Science Communication, 24(2). https://doi.org/10.22323/2.24020501
Kusumawati, U. D. (2023). The Dilemma of Adopting Innovation in Media : Study Case of Data Journalism Practice in KOMPAS. Jurnal Spektrum Komunikasi, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.37826/spektrum.v11i1.411
Laaksonen, S. M., Koivula, M., & Villi, M. (2024). Mediated by the giants: Tracing practices, discourses, and mediators of platform isomorphism in a media organization. New Media and Society, 26(8). https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221122220
Li, F., & Wang, H. (2025). Unveiling the Mechanics of AI Adoption in Journalism: A Multi-Factorial Exploration of Expectation Confirmation, Knowledge Management, and Sustainable Use. Journalism and Media, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia6020065
Lindén, R. by C.-G. (2020). Automating the News: How Algorithms are Rewriting the Media. Mass Communication and Society, 23(6). https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2020.1783887
Lund, B. (2025). Diffusion of innovations: still a relevant theory for studying library technology in the age of AI? Library Hi Tech News, 42(4). https://doi.org/10.1108/LHTN-12-2024-0209
Mambwe, E. (2025). Exploring the integration of artificial intelligence into the teaching hospital model of journalism education in resource-constrained Zambia. Frontiers in Communication, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2025.1625763
Murru, M. F., & Carlo, S. (2025). AI and newsmaking: An exploratory investigation of discourses and practices in Italian newsrooms. Online Media and Global Communication, 4(3). https://doi.org/10.1515/omgc-2025-0045
Pallant, J. (2020). SPSS Survival Manual. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003117452
Parratt-Fernández, S., Chaparro-Domínguez, M. Á., & Moreno-Gil, V. (2025). Journalistic AI Codes of Ethics: Analyzing Academia’s Contributions to their Development and Improvement. Profesional de La Informacion, 33(6). https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2024.0602
Priyanka Kumari. (2025). Awareness and Usage of Artificial Intelligence and Robotic Journalism Among Television Journalists in India: A Study of Trends, Tools, and Practices. Journal of Informatics Education and Research, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.52783/jier.v5i2.2818
Robinson, P. (2007). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 31(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-6405.2007.00096.x
Ruotsalainen, J., Heinonen, S., Hujanen, J., & Villi, M. (2023). Pioneers as Peers: How Entrepreneurial Journalists Imagine the Futures of Journalism. Digital Journalism, 11(6). https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1996252
Sánchez-García, P., Merayo-álvarez, N., Calvo-Barbero, C., & Diez-Gracia, A. (2023). Spanish technological development of artificial intelligence applied to journalism: companies and tools for documentation, production and distribution of information. Profesional de La Informacion, 32(2). https://doi.org/10.3145/EPI.2023.MAR.08
Singer, J. B., & Broersma, M. (2020). Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Journalism Students’ Interpretive Repertoires for a Changing Occupation. Journalism Practice, 14(3). https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2019.1602478
Steyn, E., & Derik Steyn, T. F. J. (2009). The challenge to incorporate teamwork as a managerial competency: The case of mainstream south african newsrooms. Journal of Media Business Studies, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/16522354.2009.11073484
Thomson, T. J., Thomas, R. J., & Matich, P. (2025). Generative Visual AI in News Organizations: Challenges, Opportunities, Perceptions, and Policies. Digital Journalism, 13(10). https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2024.2331769
Umejei, E., Ayisi, A., Phiri, M., & Tallam, E. (2025). Artificial Intelligence and Journalism in Four African Countries: Optimists, Pessimists, and Pragmatists. Journalism Practice, 19(10). https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2025.2489590
Uskali, T., Manninen, V., Ikonen, P., & Hokkanen, J. (2020). Diffusion of drone journalism: The case of Finland, 2011-2020. Media and Communication, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v8i3.3075
Uwalaka, T., Amadi, A. F., Nwala, B., & Wokoro, P. (2025). Online harassment of journalists in Nigeria: audience motivations and solutions. Media International Australia, 194(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X231206840
Uwalaka, T., & Amadi, F. (2023). Beyond “Online Notice-Me”: Analysing Online Harassment Experiences of Journalists in Nigeria. Journalism Studies, 24(15). https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2023.2260499
Vanninen, H., Mero, J., & Kantamaa, E. (2023). Social Media Influencers as Mediators of Commercial Messages. Journal of Internet Commerce, 22(S1). https://doi.org/10.1080/15332861.2022.2096399
Westlund, O., & Ghersetti, M. (2015). Modelling News Media Use: Positing and applying the GC/MC model to the analysis of media use in everyday life and crisis situations. Journalism Studies, 16(2). https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2013.868139
Yang, Y. (2025). Integrating AI into Journalism Education in China: Pathways for Curriculum Innovation and Ethical Adaptation. Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences, 51. https://doi.org/10.54097/67vkeh97
Yu, P. (2022). Diffusion of Innovation theory. In Implementation Science: The Key Concepts. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003109945-16
Zaineldeen, S., Hongbo, L., Koffi, A. L., & Hassan, B. M. A. (2020). Technology acceptance model’ concepts, contribution, limitation, and adoption in education. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 8(11). https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2020.081106
Zhang, H., & Long, H. (2025). Evaluation of the Effectiveness of AI-Enabled Journalism Education Based on Empirical Research. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-750-2_11
Zhang, S., & Feng, J. (2019). A Step Forward?: Exploring the diffusion of data journalism as journalistic innovations in China. Journalism Studies, 20(9). https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2018.1513814